Christian Ashford 
Vestigial structures refer to anatomical features that humans and other living organisms possess that have lost their original functionalities due to evolution, but are still currently present at reduced size or complexity. Charles Darwin argued that humans’ appendix was one of those vestigial remnants that lost their utility over millions of years. However, most people … Read more
Scientists estimate that the age of our planet is about 4.5 billion years. They found this out using a process called Radiometric dating, which simply measures the rate of decay of radioactive isotopes found in ancient rocks and meteorites. It calculates how much time could have passed since those materials formed, from today’s age. It … Read more
If humans evolved from apes, then why do humans stand upright, while they still use four legs? First off, humans and apes evolved from a common ancestor millions of years ago, and not from each other. Apes and chimpanzees, along with other primates, are more of our evolutionary cousins, but our paths diverged a long … Read more
Humans weren’t always walking upright, only using 2 legs. Fossil evidence suggests that our ancestors started as quadrupedal or four-legged species and over millions of years transitioned into bipedalism. This is an evolutionary event that changed our physiology, modifying humans’ pelvis, legs, and spine. This transition is slow and required a significant change in our … Read more
To reach the current human species that we are today, our ancestors evolved and adapted in so many ways to survive, including interbreeding with other species. Up to this day, there are already several confirmed cases of modern humans, Homo Sapiens, mating with other types of hominins such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. However, there is … Read more
The woolly mammoth is an extinct species of elephant that lived about 300,000 to 4,000 years ago. They roamed the planet as one of the biggest mammals of their time, in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. They are a species meant for a cold environment with their thick fur, layers of fat for … Read more
Humans and apes both evolved from a common ancestor who lived millions of years ago, but why did they retain their fur, while humans lost theirs? Well, the answer to this type of question is evolution, and how we were changed over time by our environments and desire to survive. In other words, humans lost … Read more
There is a common notion among the public that we evolved from apes, and they usually refer to the apes of today, but that idea is wrong. What is true is that we and apes evolved from a common ancestor millions of years ago, then diverged over time to be who we are today. That … Read more
Most, if not all, of our biological traits came from evolution and adaptation to survive all the challenges that we have faced over time. Our species, the Homo Sapiens, has existed for approximately 300,000 years. Throughout all the generations, we have evolved, developed new traits, and then passed them on to our offspring. That is … Read more
Fish, just like mammals and reptiles, belong to the animal kingdom. Specifically, they are classified as vertebrates, which means they have backbones. However, unlike other vertebrates, fish cannot breathe outside of water. It is because the organ they used to extract oxygen, called gills, collapses when exposed to air. Most people already know this fact, … Read more
